電梯控制系統的結構組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)邏輯系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)動控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)垂直(zhi)(zhi)方向(xiang)主(zhu)拖(tuo)(tuo)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)轎廂(xiang)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，其性能對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)乘(cheng)客的(de)(de)(de)(de)舒適(shi)感(gan)有著重要(yao)影響。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)邏輯控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)則是由眾多呼(hu)叫按鈕、傳感(gan)器(qi)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、指示燈和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心器(qi)件(PLC)等組(zu)成(cheng)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)安(an)全町靠運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)自動化程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)標志。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拖(tuo)(tuo)動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)速(su)度(du)為控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目標，以給定速(su)度(du)曲線作為依據，利用(yong)(yong)模(mo)擬控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置或數字控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置，針對曳(ye)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同調速(su)方式構(gou)成(cheng)閉環或開(kai)環的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，從而實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)運(yun)(yun)動狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯系(xi)統(tong)(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)操縱調度(du)為控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目標，以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)空間距離(li)和(he)時(shi)間間隔的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)密配(pei)合為依據，利用(yong)(yong)直(zhi)(zhi)接或間接控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)段(duan)，完(wan)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)協調動作，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)服務運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全、高效、舒適(shi)。

電梯控制系統設計的思路

通(tong)過分析電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求，首先選擇(ze)合適的(de)PLC。PLC是整個控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)核心部件(jian)(jian)(jian)，它對(dui)(dui)保(bao)證(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)技術指(zhi)標(biao)和(he)質量是至(zhi)(zhi)關重要的(de)。根據系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)要求合理分配(pei)I/O接口，編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PLC的(de)l/O地址分配(pei)表，并繪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)I/O端子接線閑(xian)，最(zui)后編寫(xie)電(dian)(dian)梯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)包(bao)括PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)上位機(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)需要深入了解電(dian)(dian)梯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求與主要控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基本方(fang)法以及系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)應完成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)動作、自動工作循環的(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)必要的(de)保(bao)護等方(fang)面(mian)，可將電(dian)(dian)梯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任務分解為獨(du)侈(chi)的(de)幾(ji)個部分，利用結構化(hua)模塊化(hua)方(fang)法進行編程(cheng)。人機(ji)界面(mian)的(de)PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)統(tong)(tong)一管(guan)理至(zhi)(zhi)關重要。

電梯控制系統的軟件設計

電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件(jian)設(she)(she)計是PLC電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵環節。在(zai)其軟件(jian)設(she)(she)計過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，一要堅持功能完善、面(mian)面(mian)俱(ju)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，保證電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)安(an)全(quan)有效地運(yun)(yun)行；二(er)要遵循結(jie)構簡練(lian)、易讀(du)易改的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，盡量減少程(cheng)(cheng)序量，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)模塊化設(she)(she)計，充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)PLC中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種指令優化程(cheng)(cheng)序，縮短PLC程(cheng)(cheng)序掃描時(shi)間，保證電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)實際(ji)上(shang)是一個(ge)人機交瓦式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，并且電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)運(yun)(yun)行中(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)種輸(shu)入(ru)信號(hao)是隨(sui)機出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即(ji)存在(zai)很多不確(que)定因(yin)(yin)素。同時(shi)又(you)有大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自鎖(suo)，互鎖(suo)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)，故(gu)單純(chun)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)順(shun)序控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)不能滿足控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)要求(qiu)，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)隨(sui)機邏(luo)輯方(fang)式控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，即(ji)在(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)順(shun)序邏(luo)輯控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，根(gen)(gen)據隨(sui)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)信號(hao)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相應(ying)狀(zhuang)態適時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行。結(jie)合拖動系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，PLC接收來自操縱(zong)盤和(he)(he)每層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼叫信號(hao)、轎廂和(he)(he)廳(ting)門(men)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能信號(hao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及井道和(he)(he)變(bian)頻(pin)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態信號(hao)，經程(cheng)(cheng)序判斷與運(yun)(yun)算實現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)選控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。PLC在(zai)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)顯示和(he)(he)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，根(gen)(gen)據隨(sui)機邏(luo)輯控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，向(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)頻(pin)器發出(chu)(chu)(chu)運(yun)(yun)行方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)、啟動、加(jia)／減速(su)運(yun)(yun)行和(he)(he)制(zhi)動停梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)等(deng)信號(hao)。由變(bian)頻(pin)器根(gen)(gen)據一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)規律和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)算法(fa)來控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機。同時(shi)，當系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)故(gu)障時(shi)，PLC向(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)頻(pin)器發出(chu)(chu)(chu)信號(hao)，其中(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)個(ge)廳(ting)門(men)和(he)(he)轎廂操縱(zong)盤上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)通過(guo)廳(ting)門(men)、轎廂控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器以(yi)(yi)(yi)串行通信方(fang)式送入(ru)PLC，完成電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。

根據電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)電(dian)氣控制要求，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)總是(shi)按照一(yi)定的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)重復地(di)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)作(zuo)，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)循(xun)環過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)：檢測呼叫／選層信(xin)號，判斷電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方向，起動(dong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，在運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)順向截梯(ti)(ti)(ti)、呼梯(ti)(ti)(ti)和轎(jiao)內選擇(ze)記憶等操作(zuo)，到達層站(zhan)時，執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開門、關(guan)門程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)在實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中的(de)PLC控制功能流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖如圖4所(suo)示。PLC上(shang)電(dian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)首先進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)自檢，確定無故(gu)障(zhang)后，開始控制電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況可分為(wei)靜止和運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)作(zuo)兩(liang)個狀態。

①在(zai)靜止(zhi)狀態(tai)下(xia)電梯停(ting)于某層(ceng)，這時電梯所接受(shou)的信號(hao)有兩類(lei)：來(lai)自其(qi)它(ta)層(ceng)的呼叫信號(hao)，PLC根(gen)據呼叫信號(hao)的響應(ying)流程，做出(chu)上(shang)(shang)行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)的決定(ding)，使曳引電機得電上(shang)(shang)升或(huo)下(xia)降；電梯停(ting)靠的本層(ceng)有呼叫信號(hao)，則執行(xing)開(kai)關門的程序，而(er)后根(gen)據選層(ceng)信號(hao)，電梯上(shang)(shang)行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)。

②電梯正(zheng)在運行狀(zhuang)態：如果是下行，只(zhi)響應(ying)下招(zhao)呼梯信(xin)號；上(shang)行過程中只(zhi)響應(ying)上(shang)招(zhao)信(xin)號。電梯在運行過程中具有樓層指(zhi)示和上(shang)行或(huo)下行的(de)狀(zhuang)態指(zhi)示，這樣可以使轎(jiao)廂內外(wai)的(de)乘客(ke)清楚的(de)知道電梯的(de)運行狀(zhuang)態。

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